CH:3 - 'NATIONALISM IN INDIA'

QUESTION-ANSWERS:

Q. How did the racial arrogance of the British lead to growth of national consciousness in the later half of the 19th century ? Ans. The English rulers began to act arrogantly and insult the Indians at every step. They put undue restrictions on the Indians and looked down upon them as animals. But such a policy of racial arrogance of the British led to the growth of national consciousness in India in the later half of the 19th century in a number of ways, as given above :–

(i) The British maintained their exclusive clubs, where entry of Indians was prohibited. Also, they put restrictions that during the rail journey, Indians could not travel in the same coaches in which they were travelling, thus shamelessly treating the Indians as inferior. All this infuriated the Indians as they could not tolerate to be treated as inferiors by the foreigners and they developed a hatred against he Britishers and tried to get rid of them.
(ii) The feeling of racial superiority in the British rulers made them insult the Indians openly. Naturally, nobody can tolerate this and the Indians got ready to face the arrogant English people with full force.
(iii) The Vernacular Press Act of 1878 and Arms Act of 1879 made it clear to the Indians that they would continue to be discriminated in every field. Hence their resolve to fight out the enemy only one grew.
(iv) Finally, when the liberty Bill, which sought equality both to the Indian and European Judges, could not be passed in 1883, the Indians now fully that they could not get justice from the English and decided to get freedom by ousting the English from the countries.

Q. 34. What was the impact of First World War on India ?

Ans. 1. The war created a new economic and political situation, which led to a huge increase in defence expenditure which was financed by war loans and increasing taxes. Also, customs duties were raised and income tax introduced.
2. Due to and in the course of the first World War, prices increased dramatically – doubling between 1913 and 1918 – leading to extreme hardships for the common people.
3. Villagers were called upon to supply soldiers, and forced recruitment were carried out in rural areas.

Q. What did the slogan of Swaraj mean ? How was the slogan of complete independence different from it ?

Ans. The slogan of Swaraj meant self-government or the system of government that was prevailing in the self-governed British colonies at that time. It did not mean complete independence from all foreign control. On the contrary, the Complete Independence meant full control over the country, without any foreign intervention whatsoever. Thus Swaraj and Complete Independence differed much from each other. Swaraj was self government but not free from foreign control whereas Complete Independence meant freedom from all internal and external control. The slogan of Complete Independence was adopted for the first time, in December 1927 A.D., when the Congress was holding its session at Madras.

Q.  What was Khilafat Movement ? Explain.

Ans. Among the general national resentment, a new issue stirred the emotions of the Indian Muslims. During the cause of the First World War, the British government took certain decisions that offended the Muslims greatly. Turkey had fought against the British in the war and was defeated. The ruler of Turkey was the caliph (Khalifa) or the religious head of the Muslims. The British had partitioned the Turkish Empire and weakened the position of the Khalifa. The Indian Muslims sent a delegation to the Viceroy of India and the Secretary of State for India to restore the position of the ruler of Turkey to the pre-war level. But their demand was completely ignored. Meanwhile, the Allies decided to disband the office of the Caliph after the first great war. This enraged the Muslims who considered it as an insult to their religions beliefs.
The Muslims in India started a powerful politico-religious movement known as the Khilafat Movement. Its leaders, the Ali Brothers – Muhammad Alli and Shaukat Ali plunged themselves into the movement. Muslim theologians also lent their support to them. Moreover, the success of the agitation was further assured by the large measure of sympathy and support which Mahatma Gandhi gave to it.

Q. What did the Indians make during the Firts World War ? How did the British government react to it ?

Ans. During the First World War (1914 – 1918), despite their differences with the British Government, the Indians gave much help to it. Indian troops fought in France, Belgium, Egypt, the Sudan, North China, Persia, East Africa. Mesopotamia, etc. also. India bore the heavy expenditure of maintaining a large army. She also gave a huge gift of one hundred million pounds to Britain to conduct war. Besides, the Indian princes and the rich helped the British by contributing to the war fund. Under these circumstances, the British authorities decided to please the Indians by a further instalment of reforms. Consequently, the British Prime Minister Asquith declared that the Indian problem would be solved from a new angle of vision in the future. Because of these developments, the Indians sensed a ray of hope.

Q.  Describe briefly the Jallianwala Bagh massacre on 13 April 1919.

Ans. To protest against the Rowlatt Act, Mahatama Gandhi declared 6th April, 1919 as Satyagraha day, which proved to be a unique success. Some incidents of violence took place in Delhi and Ahmedabad. The most serious disturbance, however, took place at Amritsar where three prominent Englishmen were killed. Sir Michael O’ Dyer, the Governor of Punjab, issued a proclamation on April 11, which forbade meetings and processions. The Government also arrested two prominent Congress leaders Dr. Saifuddin Kitchlew and Dr. Satya Pal. On April 13, i.e., the Baisakhi Day, about 20,000 people assembled in the Jallianwala Bagh for a peaceful general meeting to protest against the arrest of their leaders. A large number of people, who had come to visit the Harimandar Sahib also joined the meeting. Brigadier General Dyer, who was looking for such an opportunity, arrived at Jallianwala Bagh with 500 troops, who were ordered to open fire without giving the people a warning to disperse. In the relentless firing that followed, about 400 people were killed and nearly 1200 were wounded. This massacre is known as the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre.

Q.  Name the factors that made the national movement a mass movement at the end of the First World War.

Ans. The following were the main factors that made the national movement a mass movement at the end of the First-World War –
(i) The major factor was the arrival of Mahatama Gandhi on the political field of India. His method of non-violent resistance and the gospel of the Hindu-Muslim unity drew millions of people into the National Movement.
(ii) The people had been impoverished by the war expenditure imposed on India to such an extent that they turned against the British Government in large numbers.
(iii) The defeat and disband of Khalifa of Turkey by the Allies had already provoked the Muslim masses against the British Government.
(iv) The Montague-Chelmsford Reforms (1919) fell short of the aspiration and the expectations of the Indians, who now felt one after another blow to their hopes of getting justice and equality.
(v) The Rowlatt Act as well as the Jallianwala Bagh Tragedy acted as a nail on the Coffin in such a scenario.

Q. List all the different social groups which joined the Non-Cooperation Movement of 1921. Then choose any three and write about their hopes and struggles to show why they joined the movement. (N.C.E.R.T.)
Ans. The social groups of India, that joined the Non-Cooperation Movement of 1921 were as under –
1. Middle-classes people, i.e., students, teachers, lawyers etc.
2. Political parties except the Justice Party of Madras, the party of non-Brahmins.
3. Peasants of Awadh led by Baba Ramchandra.
4. Merchants and traders.
5. Tribals of Andhra Pradesh led by Alluri Sitaram Raju.
6. Plantation workers in Assam.
Why they joined the Non-cooperation Movement

1. Tribals of Andhra Pradesh: The tribals of Andhra Pradesh were a disturbed lot. They could not enter the forests because now those were reserved by the colonial government. Thus they could not collect fuelwood from forests. Moreover, tribal people depended upon cattle which grazed in the jungles. But this activity also stopped as soon as the forests were reserved. Thus, the lives of tribals came to a standstill.
Led by Alluri Sitaram Raju, who firmly believed in Gandhi except his non-violent methods of attaining freedom, the tribals rebelled against the oppressive British government and joined the Non-Cooperation-Khilafat Movement but violently.
2. Peasants of Awadh: The poor peasants of Awadh also had a tough time. As they did not have land, they had to cultivate the landlord’s field, who asked for rents, which if not paid at times led to the confiscation of the rented land as well as the crops. This incurred credit to the poor peasants, and they got trapped into the vicious debt cycle. So, much so, often they had to do begar and work at landlords farms without any payment.
Bana Ramchandra, a Sanyasi, led the poor peasants movement and with the help of Jawahar Lal Nehru established the ‘‘Oudh Kisan Sabha’’ in 1920. This movement was later merged with the Non-Cooperation-Khilafat Movements of 1921.
3. Planation Workers: The plantation workers assumed that by joining the Non-Cooperation Movement they could reunite with their families, by overruling the terms and conditions of their contracts. So, many of them defied the authorities, left the planations and headed home. They believed that Gandhi Raj was coming and everyone would be given land in their own villages. But their plans failed as they could not reach their destinations because of railways and steamer strikes and were caught by the police and beaten up by them brutually.

Q. Why did political leaders differ sharply over the question of separate electorates ?

Ans. Separate electorates means that people of one religion only vote for a candidate of their own religion. This system was put in vague cleverly by the Britishers who were famous for their policy of Divide and Rule. By doing so, they wanted to prolong their stay in India. The different political leaders differed over the question of separate electrorates because of the following reasons –
(i) The Congress leaders opposed British Government’s policy of separate electorates. They knew well that it was all the mischief of the British Government to create a wedge among the different sections of the society.
(ii) The Muslim leaders, like Muhammad Iqbal and Mr. Jinnah asked for separate electrorates to safeguard the political interests of the Muslims. They were of the opinion that as the majority of the people were Hindus, so in case of joint-electrorates, the Muslims would have a little chance of winning the seats.

Q. Why did the Congress ignored the dalits for a long time ? What role did Gandhiji play in uplifting them ?

Ans. The Congress had ignored the dalits for a long time for the fear of offending the Sanatanis, the conservative high-caste Hindus. But Mahatama Gandhi declared that swaraj could never be a success if untouchability was not eliminated, and under his constructive programme he laid stress on the removal of untouchability.
Gandhiji called Dalits as harijans, meaning ‘the children of God’. He also organised satyagraha to secure their entry into the places of worship, the temples as well as their access to public wells, tanks, roads and schools. He toured their colonies and even lived there. So, much so, Gandhiji himself used to clean his toilet to dignify the work of bhangis.
Thus we can conclude that Gandhiji was bent upon uplifting the dalits and left no stone upturned to achieve his objective.

Q. 43. When was the Muslim League formed ? Describe briefly the policies of the Muslim League from 1906 to 1940.

Ans. The Muslim League was formed on 30th December. Some of its prominent leaders include Aga Khan, Nawab Salimullah of Dacca and Mohammad Ali Jinah. The main aims and policies of the Muslims League from 1906-1940 were the following –
(i) To protect and advance the political rights and interests of the Muslim of India.
(ii) To ask for more and more reforms for the Muslims.
(iii) To promote the feelings of loyalty to the British Government among the Muslims for getting more and more benefits for the Muslims.
(iv) To make a demand for the separate electorate and then for a separate state for the Muslims.
It was with these objectives in mind that the Muslim League at its Lahore Session in 1940 A.D. for the formation of a separate state of Pakistan for the first time.

ECO. CHAPTER 'GLOBALISATION'

QUESTION-ANSWERS

Q. Why do MNC’s set up production jointly(with local companies)?
Ans.The benefits to the local company of such joint production is two-fold.
MNC’s can provide money for the additional investments like buying new machines for faster production.
2.MNC’s might bring them latest technology for production.
Q.What are the various ways by which MNCs spread their production?
Ans.There are variety of ways in which MNC’s are spreading their production and interacting with local producers in various countries across the globe. They do this by various means:
--By setting up partnerships with local company..
--By closely competing with local companies or buying them -the most common route for MNC investments is to buy up local companies and to expand production. With their huge wealth they can easily do so..
-- By using local companies for supply - Large MNC’s in developed countries place orders for production with small producers.Eg., garments, footwear, sports item etc. The products are supplied to MNC’s which then sell these under their brand names ti the customers.
As a result, production in these widely dispersed locations is getting interlinked.
MNC’s are exerting strong influence on production at these distant locations.
Q.List the various ways by which MNCs control production in other countries.
Ans. MNC’s have enormous wealth and at times even bigger than the budget of the developing countries.
--Another way in which they control production is that MNC’s in the developed countries place orders for production with small producers .
--The products are supplied to the MNC’s, which then sell these under their brand names to the customers.
--These MNC’s have enormous power to determine price, quality, delivery. and labour conditions for these distant producers.
FOREIGN TRADE:
History of Foreign Trade:--Various trade routes connecting India and South Asia to markets both in the East and West & extensive trade that took place along these routes.
--It was trading interest which attracted various trading companies such as East India Company to India.

Q. What is the function or purpose of foreign trade?
Ans.--Foreign trade creates an opportunity for the producers to reach beyond the domestic markets i.e., markets of their own countries.
--Producers can sell their produce not only in markets located within the country but can also compete in markets located in other countries of the world.
—For the buyers, import of goods produced in another country is one way of expanding the choice of goods beyond what is domestically produced.

EFFECTS OF FOREIGN TRADE:
There are various positive & negative effects of foreign trade. Its positive effects are
--With the opening of trade, goods travel from one market to another.
-- Choice of goods in the markets rises.
--Prices of similar goods in the two markets tend to become equal.
Producers in the two countries now closely compete against each other even though they are separated by thousands of miles.
Foreign trade thus results in connecting the markets or integration of markets in different countries.The economies of various countries are getting interlinked.
Effects of Foreign Trade through the sale of Chinese toys in the Indian Markets:

Chinese toys in India.
Chinese manufacturers got an opportunity to export plastic toys to India.
Benefits to India and China:

a).Benefits to China:
Chinese got an opportunity to trade and expand their business.
--As they were selling it at high selling price, they got high profits.
--Within an year 70-80% of toys shops have replaced Indian toys with Chinese toys.
b).Benefits to India:

Indian buyers have more choices now.
--Prices are cheaper now.
--designs are new.
--But due to the cheaper prices & new designs , the Indian toy makers face losses, as their toys are selling much less.

'GLOBALISATION AND THE INDIAN ECONOMY'

GLOBALISATION AND THE INDIAN ECONOMY:
Today we have wide choice of goods and services before us.
There is explosion of brands.
It is a recent trend and in a matter of years our markets have been transformed. 
REASONS / FACTORS FOR THESE RAPID TRANSFORMATIONS:
--Middle of twentieth century:
Production was largely organized with in the countries
--What crossed the boundaries was mainly the raw materials, food stuff and finished products.
--Trade was the main channel connecting distant countries.
EMERGENCE OF MNCs (Multi National Corporations):
--It is a company that owns or controls production in more than one nation.
--MNC’s set up offices & factories for production in the regions where they can get cheap labour and other resources.
--This is done so that the cost of production is low and the MNC’s can earn greater profits.
--Many MNC’s have wealth exceeding the entire budgets of the developing countries , with such enormous wealth they have immense power & influence.
FACTORS/ CONDITIONS TO SET UP A MNC:
MNC’s set up production where it is
-- close to the markets.
--where there is skilled labour available at low costs.
--where the availability of other factors of production is assured.
--They look for the government policies that look after their interests.
INVESTMENT:
The money that is spend to buy assets such as land, building, machines and other equipment is called investment.
The investment made by MNCs is called foreign investment.

ECO. CH-4 'GLOBALISATION AND THE INDIAN ECONOMY'

LIBERLISATION: Removing barriers or restrictions set by government is known as liberalization.It has two components.,
1.goods could be imported and exported easily.
2. foreign companies could set up factories and offices here-in India.
TRADE BARRIER—Tax on imports.It is called so because some restriction has been setup.
--govt. can use barriers to increase or decrease(regulate)foreign trade and to decide what kind of goods and services and how much of each should come into the country.
Q. Why did the Indian govt., after independence had put barriers to foreign trade & investments?
--This was considered necessary to protect the producers with the country from foreign competition.
--As the industries were just coming up in 1950’s and 1960’s and the competition from imports at that stage would not have allowed these industries to come up.
--India allowed the imports of essential items as machinery, petroleum, fertilizers etc.
CHANGES AFTER 1991:
Around 1991, some far-reaching changes were made in India
The govt. decided that the time has come for Indian producers to compete with producers around the globe.
--It felt that the competition would increase performance of the producers with in the country since they would have to improve their quality.
--Thus the barriers on foreign trade &foreign investments were removed to a large extent.
--This was Liberalisation and with it business were are allowed to take decisions freely about what they wish to export to import.
--The govt. imposes much less restriction than before, & therefore is said to be more liberal.
WORLD TRADE ORGANISATION-[WTO]
It is an organization whose aim is to liberalise international trade.
--It was started at the initiative of developed countries.
--It establishes rules regarding international trade and sees that these rules are obeyed.
--149 countries are at present members of the WTO.
--Though WTO is supposed to allow free trade for all, in practice, it is seen that the developed nations have unfairly retained trade barriers. On the other hand, WTO rules have forced the developing countries to remove trade barriers.
IMPACT OF GLOBALISATION:
In the last fifteen years, globalisation of the Indian economy has come a long way.
1. MNC’s have increased their investments over the past 15 years, which means that investing in India has been beneficial to them.
a) MNC’S have invested in cell phones, automobiles, electronic, soft drinks,  fast foods & in the areas such as banking in urban areas. These products have large number of well off buyers.
b) In these industries various new jobs have been created.
c) Local companies who are supplying them raw material have also prospered.

2. Several top Indian companies have been able to benefit from the increased competition.
a) They have invested in newer technology and production methods & raised their production & standards.
some have gained from successful collaborations with foreign companies.
b) Globalisation has enabled some large companies to emerge as multinationals themselves as Tata motors, Ranbaxy. Asian Paints, Sundaram Fasteners (nuts& bolts).

3. Globalisation has also created new opportunities for companies providing services, particularly those involving IT. The Indian companies are the host of services like, data entry, accounting, administrative tasks, engineering are now being done cheaply in India & are exported to the developed countries.

4. Globalisation & competition among producers-both local and foreign has been of advantage to the consumer, particular of the well off section.
a)Now there is greater choice.
b) They enjoy improved quality and lower prices.
c) As a result these people, today enjoy much high standards fo living than they had before.

 THE IMPACT OF GLOBALISATION HAS NOT BEEN UNIFORM.
There are several drawbacks also.

1.Small producers, compete or perish—for a large number of small producers & worker it has posed major challenges.
-- Rising competition has led to shutting down of many units and many workers have been rendered jobless.
--Batteries, capacitors, plastics, toys, dairy products and vegetable oil are the examples of the industries which have been hit hard due to hard competition.
2. Competition and uncertain Employment—Globalisation & pressure of competition have substantially changed the lives of workers, faced with growing competition, most employers prefer to employ workers flexibly.
-This means that the workers are no more secure; they have long working hours, work night shifts on regular basis during peak season, no job security, no benefits as of pension, overtime, medical leave etc.
-Workers are denied their fair share of benefits brought about by globalisation.
-With this the conditions of work in the organized sector has come to resemble that of the unorganized sector.

STEPS TO ATTRACT FOREIGN INVESTMENT:
In the recent years central and state govt. in India is taking some special steps to attract foreign companies to invest in India.
--Industrial zones -called SEZ’s, Special economic zones are being setup.
--SEZ’s are to have world class facilities like electricity, water road transport, storage, recreational and educational facilities.
--The industries which will set up their production units here will not have to pay taxes for initial five years.
these companies are allowed to ignore many of rulers that aim to protect the workers i.e., instead of hiring workers on regular basis, companies hire workers flexibly for short period during the peak period.
--this is done to reduce the cost of labour for the company.

STRUGGLE FOR A ‘FAIR GLOBALISATION:
Fair Globalisation: this would create opportunities for all &also ensure that the benefits of globalisation are shared better.

ROLE OF THE GOVERENMENT IN MAKING FAIR GLOBALISATION:
The govt. can play a major role in the making this possible.
1.Its policies must protect the interests, not only of rich & powerful but all in the country.
2.the govt. can ensure that labour laws are properly implemented and the workers get their rights.
3.It can support small producers to improve their performance till the time they become strong enough to compete.
4.If necessary govt. can use trade & investment barriers.
5.It can negotiate at the WTO for the ‘fairer rules’.
6.It can also align with other developing countries with similar interests to fight against the domination of the developed countries in WTO.
In past few years, massive campaigns and representations have influenced important decisions relating to trade & investments at WTO. This shows that even people can also play an important role in the struggle for fair globalisation.

ECONOMICS CHAPTER-4 'GLOBALISATION AND THE INDIAN ECONOMY'

Q. What is Globalisation?
Ans. It is the process of rapid integration or interconnection between countries.
--There is one more way through which countries are becoming closer and that is Movement of people between countries. People usually move from one country to another in search of jobs or better education.This is also a result of Globalisation.

Q.What role do MNCs play in the Globalisation process?
Ans. MNCs are playing major role in the Globalisation process.MNCs have been looking for locations around the world , which would be cheap for their production
--As a result of greater foreign investment and greater foreign trade ,has been greater integration of production and markets across countries.
--More and more goods and services, investments and technology are moving between the countries.
--Most regions of the world are in closer contact with each other than a decade back
--Foreign investment in the countries has been rising.
--Foreign trade between the countries has been rising.
--The activities of most of the MNC’s involve substantial trade in goods and also services..
FACTORS THAT HAVE ENABLED GLOBALISATION
A).TECHNOLOGY: Rapid improvement in technology has been one major factor that has stimulated globalisation process. Due to technology there has been improvements in various fields as in:
1.TRANSPORTATION TECHNOLOGY
a) In past fifty years this technological improvements has led to faster delivery of goods across long distances at lower costs.
b) Containers for transport of goods: have led to huge reduction in port handling costs, increased the speed with which goods can reach markets.
c) Airlines: the cost of air transport has fallen, this has enabled much greater volumes of goods being transported by airlines.
2.INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY:IT, has played a major role in spreading out production of services across countries.
Remarkable improvements have in the areas of telecommunications, computers &internet.
a)Telecommunications: facilitated by the satellite communication devices, facilities as telegraph, telephone including mobiles, fax are used to contact around the world, to access the information instantly,& to communicate in the remote areas.
b)Computer and internet: computers have entered in almost all the fields.
Internet allows one to share information on almost every thing, we can send instant e-mail and talk through voice-mail across the world at almost negligible cost.

Globalisation: The way in which the world economy is integrated in the modern world is globalization. Take example of Microsoft. Microsoft is having its headquarters in USA. This company is getting part of its software developed in India and several other countries. And Microsoft’s software is being used across the world. Another example can be Ford motors based in USA. Ford is having manufacturing plants in Chennai and cars manufactured in Chennai go for sale in other countries. Moreover, company may be getting gear boxes produced in some other country, seat belts from a different country, lights, rear view mirrors in some other nation by some other company. Almost all the components get supplied by various vendors to the Ford motor, which assembles them to make the car.

All these activities help in generating employment opportunities across the world. This in turn affects the world economy. You can think of various activities in the step of final production of a product or a service which take place around the world at different locations. This results in interdependence of national economies around the world.

Development of Globalisation:

Since early history global trade has been connecting mankind in myriad ways. Silk route of early history helped in connecting Asia from the rest of the world. This trade route not only facilitated movement of goods but also movement of people and ideas. If zero traveled from India to rest of the world then western clothes came to India. Nowadays the way we relish eating pizza or noodles, people abroad are big fans of the Indian curry and chicken tikka.

Early phase of globalization involved export of raw material from Asia and import of finished products from Europe. But from mid twentieth century things began to change.

During mid to late twentieth century certain company’s became multinationals as they spread their economic activities to various parts of the world.

Causes of Globalisation:

--Need of Cost Cutting:

Suppose a company is having two options to get a particular work done. The first option is to get it done in the home country but cost involved will be higher. Next option is to get it done in a different country at a lesser cost. Obviously any company will prefer the second option. Labour cost and cost of certain raw materials are cheaper in India, Malaysia, China and Taiwan. This results in reduced cost of production, which will result in better profit for the company. So you get a computer with certain parts manufactured in Taiwan or Malaysia, processor manufactured in India and software supplied from USA. The final product may get assembled in the market where it will be ultimately used.

--Need to find newer markets:

If home market’s consumer base has purchased a product and needs no more of it or little bit of it, then the company has to plan to increase the business. This can be done by finding newer markets with new consumer base. Especially in today’s scenario when India and China constitute about one fourth of the world population, any company which wants to get more business can’t ignore these two markets. Try comparing it with your city or village. If vegetables produced in a village can only be sold in that village then it may not find many customers, resulting in low price and may be wastage of vegetables. To get a better price from large customer base the village vegetable grower needs to move to cities.

--Stimulus for Globalisation:

Earlier countries imposed heavy import duties to restrict goods from outside and to promote local industries. These were part of deliberate trade barriers. But WTO (World Trade Organisation) convinced all member nations to reduce trade barriers. WTO believes in unrestricted economic opportunity across the world. In India after 1991, liberalization policies were being followed resulting in MNCs setting up shops in India. The result is for everybody to see. Earlier car meant an Ambassador or a Fiat and two-wheeler meant a Bajaj Scooter or Rajdoot Motorcycle. Now people have various options for car and two wheelers.

Results of Globalisation:

--Better Employment Opportunities:

At present India is the leader in BPO sector. BPOs provide backoffice support to many MNCs. A customer calling in USA to sort out his problem may be talking to a call centre employee in Gurgaon. Because of growing economic activities many new centres of economic activity have developed in India. These are Gurgaon, Chandigarh, Bangalore, Hyderabad and Meerut. Earlier Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata and Delhi used to be major economic centres.

--Change in Lifestyle:

Eating habits have changed dramatically. Now you may be eating Kellog’s corn flakes for breakfast and Aloo Tikki Burger for lunch. You may be wearing a Levi’s jeans and if you are having a BPO employee as neighbour then you may have listened his accented English.

--Uneven Benefits of Development:

For every MNC executive there is a larger number of rickshaw puller and daily wage earner. There are still millions who are unable to get two square meals in a day. We still hear news of farmers committing suicide in Maharashtra and Karnataka.

--Unfair Means Adopted by Developed Countries:

Developed countries still give huge subsidies to their farmers and impose heavy trade barriers. In the bargain developed nations don’t get the desired benefit out of WTO negotiations.

Conclusion:

Globalisation is a reality which is here to stay. Globalisation has given more benefits than problems. The economists and policy makers of the world need to fine tune their strategy so that benefits of globalization can reach the masses. The ultimate success of globalization can only be realized when it helps achieve all the parameters of development. These parameters or goals of development are not only about monetary income, but also about better healthcare, education, security and overall quality of life for all.

HISTORY-CHAPTER -3 NATIONALISM IN INDIA

Solution to NCERT Text Book Questions

1. Explain:

a) Why growth of nationalism in the colonies is linked to an anti-colonial movement?

Answer: There is an old saying, “Enemy’s enemy is my friend”. Something of the same kind happened in India and in most of the countries under colonial rule. When people started to understand and feel the oppression under colonial rule they tried to rediscover their glorious past. They could understand that it was necessary to fight colonial rulers to restore their glorious past and their freedom. Thus what started as anti – colonial movement, turned into nationalist movement. Everybody had his/her own interpretation of anti-colonialism but the ultimate aim was to get rid of them. This single point was the unifying factor for diverse mass of India. Finally, the idea of India as a nation started to emerge.

b) How the First World War helped in the growth of the National Movement in India?

Answer: The First World War created a new economic and political situation. It led to a huge increase in defence expenditure which was financed by war loans and increasing taxes: customs duties were raised and income tax introduced. Through the war years prices increased – doubling between 1913 and 1918 – leading to extreme hardship for the common people. Villages were called upon to supply soldiers, and the forced recruitment in rural areas caused widespread anger.

Then in 1918-19 and 1920-21, crops failed in many parts of India, resulting in acute shortages of food. This was accompanied by an influenza epidemic. According to the census of 1921, 12 to 13 million people perished as a result of famines and the epidemic. People hoped that their hardships would end after the war was over. But that did not happen.

This led to an overall resentment among people.

c) Why Indians were outraged by the Rowlatt Act?

Answer: The Rowlatt Act had been hurriedly passed through the Imperial Legislative Council despite the united opposition of the Indian members. It gave the government enormous powers to repress political activities, and allowed detention of political prisoners without trial for two years.

Because of potential repression by this act people were highly outrage in India.

d) Why Gandhiji decided to withdraw the Non-Cooperation Movement?

Answer: After the Jalianwala Bagh incident there was widespread protest by people. The British rulers reacted brutally. This resulted in large scale violence. Gandhiji wanted to stop violence at all cost. So he decided to withdraw the Non – cooperation movement.

2. What is meant by the idea of satyagraha?

Answer: The idea of satyagraha emphasised the power of truth and the need to search for truth. It suggested that if the cause was true, if the struggle was against injustice, then physical force was not necessary to fight the oppressor. Without seeking vengeance or being aggressive, a satyagrahi could win the battle through nonviolence. This could be done by appealing to the conscience of the oppressor. People – including the oppressors – had to be persuaded to see the truth, instead of being forced to accept truth through the use of violence. By this struggle, truth was bound to ultimately triumph. Mahatma Gandhi believed that this dharma of non-violence could unite all Indians.

3. Write a newspaper report on:

a) The Jallianwala Bagh massacre

Answer: Jalianwala: 13th April, 1919, The News of India: It was a celebration for Baisakhi. Many village folks had gathered at the local garden and were enjoying the fair. Little did they know that for many of them it would be their last fair of life. General Dyer entered the scene. Taking the benefit of prohibitory orders he ordered firing on innocent people. There was all around panic. It was a stampede like situation. To make matters worse General Dyer blocked all the exit points of the garden. Hundreds of people were killed. In the kaliyug of foreign rule it was one of the darkest days in the history of India.

b) The Simon Commission

Answer:

The world is suffering from economic depression but the depression seems to be taking its toll on British rulers minds as well. No matter how tough it will be they would love to rule India sitting miles away in London. They want to view and analyse India from English sunglasses. The fact that there is not a single Indian present in the commission points to this. The so called advanced society thinks that Indians are not evolved enough to think and decide about their own affairs. But when the Simon Commission comes it will be surprised to know what lies in store for it. Nationalists are well prepared this time to give it the well deserved boot.

4. Compare the images of Bharat Mata in this chapter with the image of Germania in Chapter 1.

Answer: In both cases the nation has been depicted as a female figure. This points to the visualization of the nation as mother or motherland. Both images show heroism, power and authority. In the case of Germania the crown of oak leaves shows heroism and the sword shows power and authority. In the case of Bharat Mata the lion and elephant show heroism and the flag shows power and a hope for a better future.

5. List all the different social groups which joined the Non-Cooperation Movement of 1921. Then choose any three and write about their hopes and struggles to show why they joined the movement.

Answer: Farmers: For farmers it was becoming difficult to pay high taxes. So for them the freedom movement was a fight for a future with low taxes.

Businessmen: British wanted to promote business interests of British companies. This resulted in laws which were against the business interests of Indian business communities. So for them freedom meant a better environment to do business.

Workers: For workers the freedom movement was having a hope of getting freedom from low ages and unfavourable working conditions.

6. Discuss the Salt March to make clear why it was an effective symbol of resistance against colonialism.

Answer: Salt is a thing which is used by rich and poor alike. High taxes on salt meant poor could not afford it. For them abolition of the salt tax would have been a boon. For business classes the salt struggle would have ended British monopoly from salt business. So, salt was an issue which could appeal to a almost all people of India. That is why Gandhiji chose salt as an effective symbol of resistance against colonialism.

7. Why did political leaders differ sharply over the question of separate electorates?

Answer: Gandhiji did not want separate electorates on the basis of religion or caste as he was of the view that it would have divided India. Most of the Hindu leaders were against this. Ambedkar wanted separate electorates for Dalits as he was convinced that it would ensure political power to Dalits. Initally Jinnah was in favour but later agreed to be on Gandhi’s side in the hope of getting adequate representation of Muslims in Muslim dominated states, like Punjab and Bengal.